인류의 마지막 시험: 최첨단 AI의 한계를 탐구하다
170명 이상의 연구진이 개발한 새로운 AI 벤치마크 '인류의 마지막 시험(HLE)'은 기존 벤치마크의 한계를 극복하고, 최첨단 LLM의 성능을 객관적으로 평가하여 AI 연구 및 정책 수립에 기여할 것으로 기대됩니다. 최첨단 LLM도 낮은 정확도를 보여 AI의 발전 방향을 제시합니다.

인류의 마지막 시험(HLE): AI의 새로운 척도
최근 몇 년간, 대규모 언어 모델(LLM)의 발전 속도는 눈부셨습니다. 기존의 MMLU와 같은 벤치마크 테스트에서 90%가 넘는 정확도를 기록하며, 기술의 진보를 실감케 했습니다. 하지만 이러한 성공은 동시에 새로운 질문을 던져줍니다. 현재의 벤치마크는 과연 최첨단 LLM의 능력을 정확하게 측정할 수 있을까요?
이 질문에 대한 답을 제시하고자, Long Phan을 비롯한 170명이 넘는 연구진이 야심찬 프로젝트를 완성했습니다. 바로 **'인류의 마지막 시험(Humanity's Last Exam, HLE)'**이라는 새로운 벤치마크입니다. HLE는 수학, 인문학, 자연과학 등 다양한 분야를 아우르는 3,000개의 질문으로 구성되어 있으며, 단순히 인터넷 검색으로 답을 찾을 수 없는, 인간 전문가 수준의 지식을 요구하는 문제들로 채워져 있습니다. 즉, 단순히 정보를 암기하고 재현하는 능력을 넘어, 진정한 이해와 응용 능력을 평가하는 벤치마크인 셈입니다.
HLE는 전 세계의 전문가들이 참여하여 개발되었으며, 객관식과 단답형 문제로 구성되어 자동 채점이 가능하다는 장점도 가지고 있습니다. 각 문제는 명확하고 검증 가능한 해답을 가지고 있지만, 인터넷 검색만으로는 쉽게 답을 찾을 수 없도록 설계되어 있습니다. 이는 기존 벤치마크의 한계를 극복하고, LLM의 진정한 능력을 측정하기 위한 노력의 결실입니다.
흥미롭게도, 최첨단 LLM조차도 HLE에서 낮은 정확도를 보였다고 합니다. 이는 현재의 LLM 기술이 인간 전문가의 지식 수준에 미치지 못한다는 것을 시사하며, 향후 AI 연구 개발의 방향을 제시하는 중요한 지표가 될 것으로 예상됩니다. 연구팀은 HLE를 공개적으로 배포하여 (https://lastexam.ai), AI 연구 및 정책 결정에 도움을 줄 수 있도록 했습니다. HLE는 단순한 벤치마크를 넘어, 인류 지식의 경계를 탐구하고 AI의 미래를 조망하는 중요한 이정표가 될 것입니다. 앞으로 HLE를 통해 AI의 발전과 한계에 대한 더욱 깊이 있는 논의가 이루어질 것으로 기대됩니다. 🙏
Reference
[arxiv] Humanity's Last Exam
Published: (Updated: )
Author: Long Phan, Alice Gatti, Ziwen Han, Nathaniel Li, Josephina Hu, Hugh Zhang, Sean Shi, Michael Choi, Anish Agrawal, Arnav Chopra, Adam Khoja, Ryan Kim, Jason Hausenloy, Oliver Zhang, Mantas Mazeika, Daron Anderson, Tung Nguyen, Mobeen Mahmood, Fiona Feng, Steven Y. Feng, Haoran Zhao, Michael Yu, Varun Gangal, Chelsea Zou, Zihan Wang, Jessica P. Wang, Pawan Kumar, Oleksandr Pokutnyi, Robert Gerbicz, Serguei Popov, John-Clark Levin, Mstyslav Kazakov, Johannes Schmitt, Geoff Galgon, Alvaro Sanchez, Yongki Lee, Will Yeadon, Scott Sauers, Marc Roth, Chidozie Agu, Søren Riis, Fabian Giska, Saiteja Utpala, Zachary Giboney, Gashaw M. Goshu, Joan of Arc Xavier, Sarah-Jane Crowson, Mohinder Maheshbhai Naiya, Noah Burns, Lennart Finke, Zerui Cheng, Hyunwoo Park, Francesco Fournier-Facio, John Wydallis, Mark Nandor, Ankit Singh, Tim Gehrunger, Jiaqi Cai, Ben McCarty, Darling Duclosel, Jungbae Nam, Jennifer Zampese, Ryan G. Hoerr, Aras Bacho, Gautier Abou Loume, Abdallah Galal, Hangrui Cao, Alexis C Garretson, Damien Sileo, Qiuyu Ren, Doru Cojoc, Pavel Arkhipov, Usman Qazi, Lianghui Li, Sumeet Motwani, Christian Schroeder de Witt, Edwin Taylor, Johannes Veith, Eric Singer, Taylor D. Hartman, Paolo Rissone, Jaehyeok Jin, Jack Wei Lun Shi, Chris G. Willcocks, Joshua Robinson, Aleksandar Mikov, Ameya Prabhu, Longke Tang, Xavier Alapont, Justine Leon Uro, Kevin Zhou, Emily de Oliveira Santos, Andrey Pupasov Maksimov, Edward Vendrow, Kengo Zenitani, Julien Guillod, Yuqi Li, Joshua Vendrow, Vladyslav Kuchkin, Ng Ze-An, Pierre Marion, Denis Efremov, Jayson Lynch, Kaiqu Liang, Andrew Gritsevskiy, Dakotah Martinez, Ben Pageler, Nick Crispino, Dimitri Zvonkine, Natanael Wildner Fraga, Saeed Soori, Ori Press, Henry Tang, Julian Salazar, Sean R. Green, Lina Brüssel, Moon Twayana, Aymeric Dieuleveut, T. Ryan Rogers, Wenjin Zhang, Bikun Li, Jinzhou Yang, Arun Rao, Gabriel Loiseau, Mikhail Kalinin, Marco Lukas, Ciprian Manolescu, Subrata Mishra, Ariel Ghislain Kemogne Kamdoum, Tobias Kreiman, Tad Hogg, Alvin Jin, Carlo Bosio, Gongbo Sun, Brian P Coppola, Tim Tarver, Haline Heidinger, Rafael Sayous, Stefan Ivanov, Joseph M Cavanagh, Jiawei Shen, Joseph Marvin Imperial, Philippe Schwaller, Shaipranesh Senthilkuma, Andres M Bran, Ali Dehghan, Andres Algaba, Brecht Verbeken, David Noever, Ragavendran P V, Lisa Schut, Ilia Sucholutsky, Evgenii Zheltonozhskii, Derek Lim, Richard Stanley, Shankar Sivarajan, Tong Yang, John Maar, Julian Wykowski, Martí Oller, Jennifer Sandlin, Anmol Sahu, Yuzheng Hu, Sara Fish, Nasser Heydari, Archimedes Apronti, Kaivalya Rawal, Tobias Garcia Vilchis, Yuexuan Zu, Martin Lackner, James Koppel, Jeremy Nguyen, Daniil S. Antonenko, Steffi Chern, Bingchen Zhao, Pierrot Arsene, Alan Goldfarb, Sergey Ivanov, Rafał Poświata, Chenguang Wang, Daofeng Li, Donato Crisostomi, Andrea Achilleos, Benjamin Myklebust, Archan Sen, David Perrella, Nurdin Kaparov, Mark H Inlow, Allen Zang, Elliott Thornley, Daniil Orel, Vladislav Poritski, Shalev Ben-David, Zachary Berger, Parker Whitfill, Michael Foster, Daniel Munro, Linh Ho, Dan Bar Hava, Aleksey Kuchkin, Robert Lauff, David Holmes, Frank Sommerhage, Keith Schneider, Zakayo Kazibwe, Nate Stambaugh, Mukhwinder Singh, Ilias Magoulas, Don Clarke, Dae Hyun Kim, Felipe Meneguitti Dias, Veit Elser, Kanu Priya Agarwal, Victor Efren Guadarrama Vilchis, Immo Klose, Christoph Demian, Ujjwala Anantheswaran, Adam Zweiger, Guglielmo Albani, Jeffery Li, Nicolas Daans, Maksim Radionov, Václav Rozhoň, Ziqiao Ma, Christian Stump, Mohammed Berkani, Jacob Platnick, Volodymyr Nevirkovets, Luke Basler, Marco Piccardo, Ferenc Jeanplong, Niv Cohen, Josef Tkadlec, Paul Rosu, Piotr Padlewski, Stanislaw Barzowski, Kyle Montgomery, Aline Menezes, Arkil Patel, Zixuan Wang, Jamie Tucker-Foltz, Jack Stade, Tom Goertzen, Fereshteh Kazemi, Jeremiah Milbauer, John Arnold Ambay, Abhishek Shukla, Yan Carlos Leyva Labrador, Alan Givré, Hew Wolff, Vivien Rossbach, Muhammad Fayez Aziz, Younesse Kaddar, Yanxu Chen, Robin Zhang, Jiayi Pan, Antonio Terpin, Niklas Muennighoff, Hailey Schoelkopf, Eric Zheng, Avishy Carmi, Adam Jones, Jainam Shah, Ethan D. L. Brown, Kelin Zhu, Max Bartolo, Richard Wheeler, Andrew Ho, Shaul Barkan, Jiaqi Wang, Martin Stehberger, Egor Kretov, Kaustubh Sridhar, Zienab EL-Wasif, Anji Zhang, Daniel Pyda, Joanna Tam, David M. Cunningham, Vladimir Goryachev, Demosthenes Patramanis, Michael Krause, Andrew Redenti, Daniel Bugas, David Aldous, Jesyin Lai, Shannon Coleman, Mohsen Bahaloo, Jiangnan Xu, Sangwon Lee, Sandy Zhao, Ning Tang, Michael K. Cohen, Micah Carroll, Orr Paradise, Jan Hendrik Kirchner, Stefan Steinerberger, Maksym Ovchynnikov, Jason O. 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http://arxiv.org/abs/2501.14249v1